Engaging Extremists: Trade-Offs, Timing, and Diplomacy

For many, negotiating with terrorists amounts to capitulation that only encourages more terrorism. The editors of this book, by contrast, argue that engaging extremists is an indispensable part of a broad policy that is complex in its tactics and deliberate in its balance. While recognizing that engagement carries many risks, they contend that it is not the act of negotiation that encourages or discourages terrorism; it is the terms of the negotiated agreement. The point is not whether to negotiate but how to negotiate creatively to moderate terrorist means.

Engaging Extremists concerns negotiation with political terrorist organizations, separating terrorist groups that can be engaged from those that, for the moment, cannot. Dealing with terrorism includes keeping violent means in check, transforming its ends from destruction to participation, and undercutting the grievances on which it is based. The essays in this volume tackle the questions of “when” and “how” with a mixture of conceptual discussions illustrated by case analyses. By approaching terrorism as a phase in conflict by ethnic, religious, ideological, and other groups, the first half of this volume identifies appropriate times and tactics for taking advantage of the terrorist organization’s life cycle from when it begins, matures, and declines. The latter half focuses more specifically on the “how” by studying successful experiments in engaging future and past terrorists, the role of third-party mediators, and two case studies of failed negotiations with terrorists. In the face of terrorism and militant extremism, states must strike a delicate balance between isolation and engagement. Engaging Extremists provides valuable insight into when and how such engagement might be pursued.

Introduction: Why and Why Not Engage? - I. William Zartman and Guy Olivier Faure

Part I: When to Engage

• Determining Strategic Moments - I. William Zartman and Guy Olivier Faure

• Growing Up in Groups - I. William Zartman and Maha Khan

• Growing Out in Organization - William Donohue and Moty Cristal

• Community Intervention as a Negotiation Strategy: Al-Qaeda in London - Robert Lambert

• Terror, Muscle, and Negotiation: Failure of Multiparty Mediation in Sri Lanka - Maria Groeneveld-Savisaar and Sinisa Vukovic

• U.S. Policy toward Nationalist Terrorist Organizations: Isolate or Engage? - Stacie L. Pettyjohn

Part II: How to Engage

• Devising Strategy and Tactics - I. William Zartman and Guy Olivier Faure

• Facing Terrorism: Engagement and De-escalaiton - Camille Pecastaing

• Egypt's Gama'a Islamiya: Change through Debate? - Carolin Goerzig

• Tactics in Negotiations between States and Extremists: The Role of Cease-Fires and Counterterrorist Measures - Kristine Höglund

• Eluding Peace? Negotiating with Colombia's ELN - Aldo Civico

Part III: Conclusion

• Conclusion: When and How to Engage? - I. William Zartman and Guy Olivier Faure

I. William Zartman is the Jacob Blaustein professor of international organization and conflict resolution and director of the African Studies and Conflict Management programs at the Johns Hopkins University's Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies in Washington, D.C.

Guy Olivier Faure is professor of sociology at the Sorbonne University, Paris V, and a member of the Steering Committee of the Processes of International Negotiation (PIN) Program. He also engages in consulting and training activities with enterprises, multinational companies, governments, and international organizations.